What the FIA have done in the last few years is massively reduce the penalties for breaking the rules. It used to be the case that any penalty was served as a stop-go, where work could not be done to the car, and couldn't be served under a safety car. (This meant that penalties were 20 - 30 seconds.
Had this been the case, Alonso would have been completely out of the fight.
Now, most penalties (whether for being marginally out of position on the grid, or forcing another driver off the track) are 5 seconds. Which is nothing. (The total cost of these penalties is often less than 5 seconds as well).